Introduction to Object Oriented Programming in a Nutshell

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Introduction to Object Oriented Programming


SHORT SUMMARY

1. Some of the quality issues of software such as correctness, usefulness, robustness, maintainability,

reusability, portability, reliability and interoperability of the software must be kept in mind while

developing software.


2. A programming paradigm describes the structure of a program. In other words, it determines how the

instructions are placed in a program. Each programming language follows one or the other programming

paradigm.


3. In unstructured programming paradigm, all the instructions of a program were written one after the

other in a single function and hence was suitable for writing only small and simple programs.


4. In procedural programming, programs are divided into different procedures (also known as functions,

routines or subroutines) and each procedure contains a set of instructions that performs a specific task.

It follows a top-down approach.


5. Programs in procedural programming consist of a controlling procedure known as the main, which

controls the execution of other procedures.


6. The procedural programming paradigm has certain limitations. Firstly, it emphasizes on the

functionality of the software rather than on the data. Thus, it does not represent real-world models

very well Secondly, it allows data to move freely from one function to another without any security.


7. To overcome the limitation of procedural programming object-oriented programming paradigm has

been developed which has revolutionized the process of software development.


8. In object-oriented programming, the programmers define not only the data but also the operations

(functions) that can be performed on it together under a single unit. It follows a bottom-up approach.


9. OOP has a certain advantage over procedural programming. Firstly, it emphases on data rather than

the functions or the procedures. It models the real world very well by binding the data and associated

functions together under a single unit and thus prevents the free movement of data from one function

to another.


10. OOP based on certain important concepts including objects, classes, data abstraction, encapsulation

inheritance, polymorphism, message passing and dynamic binding.


11. An object is a unit of structural and behavioural modularity that contains a set of properties (or data)

as well as the associated functions.


12. A class is defined as a user-defined data type which contains the entire set of similar data and the

functions that the objects possess. The process of creating an object from a class is known as instantiation.


13. Abstraction is a mechanism to hide irrelevant details and represent only the essential features so that

one can focus on important things at a time. Abstraction can be of two types, namely, data abstraction

and control abstraction.


14. The process of preventing the data from direct access by the external functions is called data hiding.


15. Inheritance can be defined as the process whereby an object of a class acquires characteristics from the

object of the other class Inheritance can be of two types, namely, single inheritance and multiple

inheritance.


16. Polymorphism a (a Greek word meaning having multiple forms) is the ability of an entity such as a

function or a message to be processed in more than one form.


17. C++, polymorphism can be achieved either at compile time or at run time. At compile-time,

polymorphism is implemented wing operator overloading and function overloading. However, at run-

time, it is implemented wing virtual functions.


18. Message parking is a process of interacting between different objects in a program.


19. Dynamic binding is the process of linking of a function call to the actual code of the function at run-time.


20. OOP has been used to develop software in many areas including Simulations and Modeling, User-

interface design, Developing computer games, Scripting Object Databases.


21. The high-level language that implements the concepts of object-oriented programming is known as an

object-oriented language. For example, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C#, C++ and Python are OOP

languages.



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